Robotics: Using Atmega16 Microcontroller - Introduction

What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a single chip, self-contained computer which incorporates all the basic components of a personal computer on a much smaller scale. Microcontrollers are often referred to as single chip devices or single chip computers. The main consequence of the microcontroller’s small size is that its resources are far more limited than those of a desktop personal computer. 

In functional terms, a microcontroller is a programmable single chip which controls a process or system. Microcontrollers are typically used as embedded controllers where they control part of a larger system such as an appliance, automobile, scientific instrument or a computer peripheral. Microcontrollers are designed to be low cost solutions; therefore using them can drastically reduces part and design costs for a project.

Physically, a microcontroller is an integrated circuit with pins along each side. The pins presented by a microcontroller are used for power, ground, oscillator, I/O ports, interrupt request signals, reset and control. In contrast, the pins exposed by a microprocessor are most often memory bus signals (rather than I/O ports).

A microcontroller has seven main components:

• Central processing unit (CPU)
• ROM
• RAM
• Input and Output
• Timer
• Interrupt circuitry
• Buses

The Microcontroller we will use is ATMega16 from AVR Family.

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Robot Builder's Bonanza 3rd Ed

Inside Robot Builder’s Bonanza

Robot Builder’s Bonanza, Third Edition takes an educational but fun approach to designing working robots. Its modular projects will provide the knowledge to take you from building basic motorized platforms to giving the machine a brain—and teaching it to walk, move about, sense what is going on around it, and obey commands. 

If you are interested in mechanics, electronics, or robotics, you’ll find this book a treasure chest of information and ideas on making thinking machines. The projects in Robot Builder’s Bonanza include all the necessary information on how to construct the essential building blocks of a number of different personal robots. Suggested alternative approaches, parts lists, and sources of electronic and mechanical components are also provided where appropriate.

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Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR

Enter the world of embedded programming and microcontroller applications! 
One of the only books available today that uses the increasingly popular and cost-effective Atmel AVR embedded controller as the platform and application for learning, Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR is the perfect choice for novices. Featuring a host of fully-functional example applications, this highly innovative book enables users to adopt a "learn by doing" approach as they develop the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency. 

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Arduino Cookbook

Create your own toys, remote controllers, alarms, detectors, robots, and many other projects with the Arduino device. This simple microcontroller board lets artists and designers build a variety of amazing objects and prototypes that interact with the physical world. With this cookbook you can dive right in and experiment with more than a hundred tips and techniques, no matter what your skill level is.

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Array of Objects

Write a Program to create a class employee having data members - employee no. & salary, and display data of 5 employees using Array of Objects.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class employee { int emp_no; int sal; public: void input() { cout<<"Enter Employee Number: "; cin>>emp_no; cout<<"Enter salary: "; cin>>sal; } void display() { cout<<"Employee No.= "<<emp_no<<"\t\t"; cout<<"Salary= "<<sal<<endl; } }; int main() { employee emp[5]; int i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) emp[i].input(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) emp[i].display(); return 0; }

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Area using Default Arguments

Write a Program to find Area of a Square & Rectangle using Default Arguments.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int sqr(int x=10); int rect(int y=10,int z=20); int main() { int ch; cout<<"1.Area of square\n2.Area of rectangle\nEnter choice: "; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1:cout<<"Area= "<<sqr()<<endl; break; case 2:cout<<"Area= "<<rect()<<endl; break; default:cout<<"Wrong choice."; } return 0; } int sqr(int a) { return a*a; } int rect(int a,int b) { return a*b; }

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Banking System using Class

Write a menu driven Program to implement a Banking System using class having data members - Account no., Name & Balance, & member functions - Input, Display, Deposit & Withdraw.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class bank { public: int ac_no; char name[20]; float balance; void input(); void display(bank); int deposit(); int withdraw(); }; void bank::input() { cout<<"Enter Account No.: "; cin>>ac_no; cout<<"Enter Name: "; cin>>name; cout<<"Enter Balance: "; cin>>balance; } void bank::display(bank a) { cout<<"Account No.: "<<a.ac_no<<endl; cout<<"Name: "<<a.name<<endl; cout<<"Balance= "<<a.balance<<endl; } int bank::deposit() { int dep; cout<<"Enter Deposit Amount: "; cin>>dep; return dep; } int bank::withdraw() { int wtdr; cout<<"Enter Withdraw Amount: "; cin>>wtdr; return wtdr; } int main() { int ch; bank a; while(1) { cout<<"\n\t1.Input\n\t2.Display\n\t3.Deposit\n\t4.Withdraw\n\t5.Exit\nEnter Choice:" ; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1: a.input(); break; case 2: a.display(a); break; case 3: a.balance+=a.deposit(); cout<<"Current Balance= "<<a.balance<<endl; break; case 4: a.balance-=a.withdraw(); cout<<"Current Balance= "<<a.balance<<endl; break; case 5: return 0; default: cout<<"Wrong Choice."<<endl; } } }

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Friend Funtion

Write a Program to find sum of two complex no.s using Friend Function.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class complex_add { public: int x,y; void input() { cout<<"Enter the real & imaginary part of complex no.:"; cin>>x>>y; } friend void show(complex_add,complex_add,complex_add); }; void show(complex_add p,complex_add q,complex_add r) { cout<<"First complex no.:= "<<p.x<<"+i"<<p.y<<endl; cout<<"Second complex no.:= "<<q.x<<"+i"<<q.y<<endl; cout<<"Sum of complex no.:= "<<r.x<<"+i"<<r.y<<endl; } int main() { complex_add a,b,s; a.input(); b.input(); s.x=a.x+b.x; s.y=a.y+b.y; show(a,b,s); return 0; }

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Nesting of Member Funtions

Write a Program to find the smallest no. in an array using Nesting of Member Functions.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class num { int i,small,a[5]; public: int smallest(int b[5]) { small=b[0]; for(i=0;i<5;i++) if(b[i]<small)small=b[i]; return small; } void input() { cout<<"Enter the array elements :"; for(i=0;i<5;i++) cin>>a[i]; } void display() { cout<<"The smallest no.= "<<small<<endl; } void call() { input(); smallest(a); display(); } }; int main() { num small; small.call(); return 0; }

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Sum of Time Objects

Write a Program to Create two time objects and find their sum using an object as a member function argument.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class times { public: int hr,min; void input() { cout<<"Enter the time: "; cin>>hr>>min; } }; times add(times a,times b) { times sum; sum.hr=a.hr+b.hr; sum.min=a.min+b.min; return sum; } int main() { int hr_sum=0,min_sum=0; times t1,t2,sum; t1.input(); t2.input(); sum=add(t1,t2); if(sum.min>=60) { sum.hr+=1; sum.min-=60; } cout<<"Sum of Time = "<<sum.hr<<" : "<<sum.min<<endl; return 0; }

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Volume of a Cube, Cuboid & Cylinder using Function Overloading

Write a Program to find Volume of a Cube, Cuboid & Cylinder using Function Overloading.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int l=0,b=0,h=0,r=0,ch; cout<<"1.Volume of cube\n2.Volume of cuboid\n3.Volume of cylinder\nEnter choice: "; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1:cout<<"Length= "; cin>>l; cout<<"Volume= "<<volume(l)<<endl; break; case 2:cout<<"Length= "; cin>>l; cout<<"Breadth= "; cin>>b; cout<<"Height= "; cin>>h; cout<<"Volume= "<<volume(l,b,h)<<endl; break; case 3:cout<<"Radius= "; cin>>r; cout<<"Height= "; cin>>h; cout<<"Volume= "<<volume(r,h)<<endl; break; default:cout<<"Wrong choice."; } return 0; } int volume(int a) { return a*a*a; } int volume(int a,int b,int c) { return a*b*c; } float volume(int a,int b) { return 3.142*a*a*b; }

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Swap using Call by Address.

Write a Program to enter two no.s and swap their values using Call by Address.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void swap(int*,int*); int main() { int a,b; cout<<"Enter the no.s to be swapped: "; cin>>a>>b; swap(&a,&b); cout<<"The swapped values are: "<<a<<" & "<<b<<endl; return 0; } void swap(int *x,int *y) { *x=*x+*y; *y=*x-*y; *x=*x-*y; }

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Swap using Call by Value

Write a Program to enter two no.s and swap their values using Call by Value.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a,b; cout<<"Enter the no.s to be swapped: "; cin>>a>>b; swap(a,b); cout<<"The swapped values are: "<<a<<" & "<<b<<endl; return 0; } void swap(int x,int y) { x=x+y; y=x-y; x=x-y; }

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Swap using Call by Reference

Write a Program to enter two no.s and swap their values using Call by Reference

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a,b; cout<<"Enter the no.s to be swapped: "; cin>>a>>b; swap(a,b); cout<<"The swapped values are: "<<a<<" & "<<b<<endl; return 0; } void swap(int &x,int &y) { x=x+y; y=x-y; x=x-y; }

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Sum of Digits

Write a Program to enter a no. & find the sum of its digits.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int num,rem=0,sum=0,n; cout<<"Enter the no.:"; cin>>num; n=num; while(n>0) { rem=n%10; sum+=rem; n/=10; } cout<<"The sum of digits of "<<num<<" = "<<sum<<"\n"; return 0; }

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Inline Function

Write a Program to calculate Simple Interest & show the use of Inline function.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; float sim_int(int,int,int); int main() { int prin,time,rate; cout<<"Enter the principal: "; cin>>prin; cout<<"Enter the time in years: "; cin>>time; cout<<"Enter the rate: "; cin>>rate; cout<<"Simple Interest= "<<sim_int(prin,time,rate)<<endl; return 0; } inline float sim_int(int p,int t,int r) { return (p*t*r)/100; }

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Default Argument

Write a Program to enter two no.s, m & n and find m^n using default arguments such that the output is square of m. Do not use Library functions.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int pow(int a=1,int b=2); int main() { int m,n; cout<<"Enter the no.: "; cin>>m; cout<<"Enter the power : "; cin>>n; cout<<"Result= "<<pow(m,n); cout<<"\nDefault Result= "<<pow(m)<<endl; return 0; } int pow(int a,int b) { int t=a; for(int i=1;i<=b;i++)t=t*t; return t; }

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Pattern -3

Write a Program to enter the no. of rows & print the following Pattern:
*
*  *
*  *  *
*  *  *  *
*  *  *  *  *

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int spc,star,r,i,j; cout<<"Enter the no. of rows: "; cin>>r; star=1; spc=r-1; for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<spc;j++) cout<<" "; for(j=0;j<star;j++) cout<<"*"; spc--; star++; cout<<endl; } return 0; }

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Pattern - 2

Write a Program to enter the no. of rows & print the following Pattern:
         +
      + + +
   + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int sp,plus,r,i,j; cout<<"Enter the no. of rows: "; cin>>r; plus=1; sp=r-1; for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<sp;j++)cout<<" "; for(j=0;j<plus;j++)cout<<"+"; plus+=2; sp--; cout<<endl; } return 0; }

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Pattern -1

Write a Program to enter a starting number(x) and print the number the following Pattern :
for x=5
5
54
543
5432
54321

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i,j,k,x; cout<<"Enter the starting no:"; cin>>x; for(i=1;i<=x;i++) { k=x; for(j=0;j<i;j++) { cout<<k<<" "; k--; } cout<<"\n"; } return 0; }

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Palindrome String

Write a Program to input a String and check whether it is a Palindrome or not.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char str[20],rev[20]; int i,j,k=0,flag=0; cout<<"Enter the string:"; cin>>str; for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++); for(j=i;j>0;j--) { rev[j-1]=str[k]; k++; } cout<<"The reverse="<<rev<<"\n"; for(j=0;str[j]!='\0';j++) if(str[j]!=rev[j]) { flag=1; break; } if(flag==0)cout<<"Palindrome\n"; else cout<<"Not Palindrome\n"; return 0; }

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Palindrome Number

Write a Program to input a number and check whether it is a Palindrome or not.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int num,rev=0,rem=0,n; cout<<"Enter the number:"; cin>>num; n=num; while(n>0) { rem=n%10; rev=rev*10+rem; n/=10; } cout<<"The reverse of "<<num<<" = "<<rev<<"\n"; if(num==rev)cout<<num<<" is a palindrome\n"; else cout<<num<<" is not a palindrome\n"; return 0; }

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Matrix Multiplication

Write a Program to enter two matrices and print their Product.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[7][7],i,j,k,r1,c1,r2,c2; cout<<"Enter the order of first matrix:"; cin>>r1>>c1; cout<<"Enter the order of second matrix:"; cin>>r2>>c2; if(c1!=r2) { cout<<"Multiplication not possible.\n"; return 0; } cout<<"Enter the first matrix:\n"; for(i=0;i<r1;i++) for(j=0;j<c1;j++) cin>>a[i][j]; cout<<"Enter the second matrix:\n"; for(i=0;i<r2;i++) for(j=0;j<c2;j++) cin>>b[i][j]; for(i=0;i<r1;i++) for(j=0;j<c2;j++) c[i][j]=0; for(i=0;i<r1;i++) for(j=0;j<c2;j++) for(k=0;k<c1;k++) c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j]; cout<<"The product matrix is:\n"; for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) cout<<c[i][j]<<" "; cout<<"\n"; } return 0; }

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Matrix Addition

Write a program to enter two matrices and print their sum.

#include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a[5][5],b[5][5],s[5][5]; int r=0,c=0,i=0,j=0; cout<<"Enter the no. of rows:"; cin>>r; cout<<"Enter the no. of columns:"; cin>>c; cout<<"Enter values into first array:"; for(i=0;i<r;i++) for(j=0;j<c;j++) cin>>a[i][j]; cout<<"Enter values into second array:"; for(i=0;i<r;i++) for(j=0;j<c;j++) cin>>b[i][j]; for(i=0;i<r;i++) for(j=0;j<c;j++) s[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; cout<<"The matrix sum:"; for(i=0;i<r;i++) { cout<<"\n"; for(j=0;j<c;j++) cout<<s[i][j]<<" "; } cout<<"\n"; return 0; }

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